Published: October 22, 2013 342 Comments
(Kutipan dari artikel di the new York Times, tgl 22 Oktober
2013: Mungkin ada baiknya untuk dibaca)
SHANGHAI
— Whenever I visit China, I am struck by the sharply divergent predictions of
its future one hears. Lately, a number of global investors have been “shorting”
China, betting that someday soon its powerful economic engine will sputter, as
the real estate boom here turns to a bust. Frankly, if I were shorting China
today, it would not be because of the real estate bubble, but because of the
pollution bubble that is increasingly enveloping some of its biggest cities.
Optimists take another view: that, buckle in, China is just getting started,
and that what we’re now about to see is the payoff from China’s 30 years of
investment in infrastructure and education. I’m not a gambler, so I’ll just
watch this from the sidelines. But if you’re looking for evidence as to why the
optimistic bet isn’t totally crazy, you might want to visit a Shanghai
elementary school.
I’ve traveled here with Wendy Kopp, the founder of Teach for America, and the leaders
of theTeach for All programs
modeled on Teach for America that are operating in 32 countries. We’re visiting
some of the highest- and lowest-performing schools in China
to try to uncover The Secret — how is it that Shanghai’s public secondary
schools topped the world charts in the 2009 PISA (Program for International
Student Assessment) exams that measure the ability of 15-year-olds in 65
countries to apply what they’ve learned in math, science and reading.
After
visiting Shanghai’s Qiangwei Primary School, with 754 students — grades one
through five — and 59 teachers, I think I found The Secret:
There is
no secret.
When you
sit in on a class here and meet with the principal and teachers, what you find
is a relentless focus on all the basics that we know make for high-performing
schools but that are difficult to pull off consistently across an entire school
system. These are: a deep commitment to teacher training, peer-to-peer learning
and constant professional development, a deep involvement of parents in their
children’s learning, an insistence by the school’s leadership on the highest
standards and a culture that prizes education and respects teachers.
Shanghai’s
secret is simply its ability to execute more of these fundamentals in more of
its schools more of the time. Take teacher development. Shen Jun, Qiangwei’s
principal, who has overseen its transformation in a decade from a
low-performing to a high-performing school — even though 40 percent of her
students are children of poorly educated migrant workers — says her teachers
spend about 70 percent of each week teaching and 30 percent developing teaching
skills and lesson planning. That is far higher than in a typical American
school.
Teng
Jiao, 26, an English teacher here, said school begins at 8:35 a.m. and runs to
4:30 p.m., during which he typically teaches three 35-minute lessons. I sat in
on one third-grade English class. The English lesson was meticulously planned,
with no time wasted. The rest of his day, he said, is spent on lesson planning,
training online or with his team, having other teachers watch his class and
tell him how to improve and observing the classrooms of master teachers.
“You see
so many teaching techniques that you can apply to your own classroom,” he
remarks. Education experts will tell you that of all the things that go into
improving a school, nothing — not class size, not technology, not length of the
school day — pays off more than giving teachers the time for peer review and
constructive feedback, exposure to the best teaching and time to deepen their
knowledge of what they’re teaching.
Teng said
his job also includes “parent training.” Parents come to the school three to
five times a semester to develop computer skills so they can better help their
kids with homework and follow lessons online. Christina Bao, 29, who also
teaches English, said she tries to chat either by phone or online with the
parents of each student two or three times a week to keep them abreast of their
child’s progress. “I will talk to them about what the students are doing at
school.” She then alluded matter-of-factly to a big cultural difference here,
“I tell them not to beat them if they are not doing well.”
In 2003,
Shanghai had a very “average” school system, said Andreas Schleicher, who runs
the PISA exams. “A decade later, it’s leading the world and has dramatically
decreased variability between schools.” He, too, attributes this to the fact
that, while in America a majority of a teacher’s time in school is spent
teaching, in China’s best schools, a big chunk is spent learning from peers and
personal development. As a result, he said, in places like Shanghai, “the
system is good at attracting average people and getting enormous productivity
out of them,” while also, “getting the best teachers in front of the most
difficult classrooms.”
China
still has many mediocre schools that need fixing. But the good news is that in
just doing the things that American and Chinese educators know work — but doing
them systematically and relentlessly — Shanghai has in a decade lifted some of
its schools to the global heights in reading, science and math skills. Oh, and
Shen Jun, the principal, wanted me to know: “This is just the start.”